Every second of every day, your immune system fights off countless threats—but without turning on you. For decades, scientists couldn’t explain how the body avoids this deadly “friendly fire.”
That mystery has now been solved. Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi have won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering regulatory T cells (Tregs)—the immune system’s built-in peacekeepers.
These specialized cells act as security guards, preventing immune attacks on healthy tissue. Without them, the body would spiral into autoimmune disease. Their discovery revealed that immune tolerance doesn’t end in the thymus during development; it requires active, lifelong regulation.
This breakthrough reshaped immunology and opened new paths for treating autoimmune disorders, allergies, transplant rejection, and cancer, fundamentally changing how medicine understands self-tolerance and immune balance.
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